[Full Text] Anaemia n'ime ndị okenye nwere ọrịa shuga na-eleta ụlọ ọgwụ E General

Javascript nwere nkwarụ ugbu a na ihe nchọgharị gị.Mgbe Javascript kwụsịrị, ụfọdụ ọrụ nke webụsaịtị a agaghị adị.
Deba aha nkọwa gị akọwapụtara na ọgwụ ndị nwere mmasị, anyị ga-adakọ na ozi ị nyere na akụkọ dị na nnukwu nchekwa data anyị, wee zite gị otu PDF ozugbo.
Anaemia n'etiti ndị okenye nwere ọrịa shuga na-aga ụlọ ọgwụ n'ozuzu na ọwụwa anyanwụ Etiopia: ọmụmụ ihe na-agafe
Teshome Tujuba, 1 Behailu Hawulte Ayele, 2 Sagni Girma Fage, 3 Fitsum Weldegebreal41, Medical Laboratory, Guelmsau General Hospital, Guelmsau City, Ethiopia 2 School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Haramaya University, Harala State, Ethiopia; 3 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; 4 Faculty of Health and Medicine, Haramaya University, Harar City, Ethiopia News Agency: Sagni Girma Fage, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Haral University, Ethiopia, Harar, Ethiopia POBox 235 Email giruu06@gmail.com Background: Although anemia is a common disease among diabetic patients, there is very little evidence of anemia in this part of the population in Ethiopia, especially in the research environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of anemia and related factors in adult diabetic patients treated in a general hospital in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study of health basics was conducted on 325 randomly selected adult diabetic patients. Follow-up clinic at the Gramsoe General Hospital in eastern Ethiopia. Use pre-tested structured questionnaires to collect data through interviews and then perform physical and laboratory measurements. Then enter the data into EpiData version 3.1, and use STATA version 16.0 for analysis. Fit a binary logistic regression model to identify factors related to anemia. When p-value<0.05, all statistical tests are declared significant. Results: The degree of anemia in adult diabetic patients was 30.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25.4%-35.4%). Men (36%) have higher anemia than women (20.5%). Male (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.8), DM ≥ 5 years (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.7), comorbidities (AOR = 1.9, 95) %CI : 1.0, 3.7) and suffering from diabetic complications (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.2) were significantly associated with anemia. Conclusion: Anemia is a moderate to moderate public health problem among adult DM patients in the study subjects. Male gender, the duration of DM, the presence of DM complications, and DM comorbidities are factors related to anemia. Therefore, routine screening and appropriate management should be designed for men, DM patients with long DM duration, and anemia patients with complications and comorbidities, so as to improve the quality of life of patients. Early diagnosis and regular monitoring of diabetes may also help minimize complications. Keywords: Anemia, Diabetes, General Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia
Anaemia na-ezo aka na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ekesa (RBC) na / ma ọ bụ mbelata ikike ibu oxygen n'ihi ya, nke na-ezughị ezu iji gboo mkpa anụ ahụ nke ahụ mmadụ.1,2 Ọ na-emetụta mba ndị na-emepe emepe na ndị mepere emepe, maka ahụike mmadụ, mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.3 Enwere ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 1.62 nwere anaemia n'ụwa, na-aza 24.8% nke ndị bi n'ụwa.4
Ọrịa shuga mellitus (DM) bụ ọrịa metabolic, kewara ekewa n'ime ụdị I_uvenile ma ọ bụ insulin dabere na ọrịa shuga yana ụdị II_na-abụghị insulin na-adabere na ọrịa shuga.5 N'ime ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga, anaemia na-abụkarị n'ihi mbufụt, ọgwụ, ụkọ nri, ọrịa akụrụ, ọrịa autoimmune na-eso ya, mbelata 6,7 ​​nke mmepụta erythropoietin, ụkọ ígwè zuru oke ma ọ bụ arụ ọrụ, yana ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ebelata.8,9 Ya mere, anaemia na-adịkarị na ndị ọrịa mamịrị.10,11 N'ime ndị okenye, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anaemia bụ 24% n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa (afọ 15-49) na 15% n'etiti ndị ikom dị afọ 15-49.12
N'ime ndị ọrịa nwere DM, ọkachasị ndị nwere ọrịa akụrụ doro anya ma ọ bụ ụkọ akụrụ, oke anaemia dị ihe dị ka ugboro 2 ruo 3 karịa nke ndị ọrịa na-enweghị DM.13,14 Anaemia na ọrịa shuga, dị ka nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, ọrịa ọnya na-adịghị mma, na ọrịa macrovascular [15,16], na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndụ ndị ọrịa.17-19 N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ndị a, akụkọ nyocha na-egosi na ihe ruru 25% nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga enweghị ike ịmata anaemia.20,21
Ịmata na ọgwụgwọ mbụ nke anaemia na ndị ọrịa DM nwere ike inye aka belata ọrịa na ọnwụ, ma melite ogo ndụ ha.22 Otú ọ dị, n'ozuzu, nyocha nke anaemia na ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga na Etiopia dị nnọọ ala, na ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ dịghị nchọpụta dị mkpa.Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa na mpaghara ọmụmụ.Ya mere, ọmụmụ ihe a na-achọ ịkọwa ogo anaemia na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga na Gramsoe General Hospital dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Etiopia ma chọpụta ihe ndị metụtara ya.
Emere ọmụmụ ihe na Glymso General Hospital (GGH) nke dị na Glymso Town, Habro District, Oromiya State, Eastern Ethiopia.Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 390 n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Addis Ababa, isi obodo Etiopia.23 Dika akuko sitere n'aka ulo oru ahu ike nke Habro, GGH bu ebe ntughari maka ihe ruru nde mmadu nde 1.4 n'ogbe nwuta gbara ya gburugburu.Ọ na-enye ọrụ nlekọta ahụike karịa ndị ọrịa 90,000 na ngalaba ya dị iche iche na ụlọ ọgwụ kwa afọ.Cliniclọ ọgwụ ọrịa shuga bụ otu n'ime ngalaba ọkachamara na-enye ihe dị ka ndị ọrịa 660 na-arịa ọrịa shuga ọrụ.Mpaghara Habro dị na elu 1800-2000 mita.
A na-eme nnyocha nyocha nke ụlọ ọgwụ sitere na June 9, 2020 ruo August 10, 2020. Ndị tozuru etozu bụ ndị okenye (≥18 afọ) ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga na-esochi na GGH.Ndị okenye na-arịa ọrịa shuga bụ ndị a mịnyeworo ọbara n’ime ọnwa 3 gara aga, ndị dị ime ma ọ bụ ndị mụrụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ na-arịa ọrịa uche, ndị a wara ahụ́ ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgba n’ihi ihe ọ bụla, na ndị a nataworo ọgwụgwọ nje nje eriri afọ adịghị agụnye. .Mụta.
Achọpụtara nha nlele ahụ site na iji usoro nha nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ ma dabere na echiche ndị a: 95% oge ntụkwasị obi, ọnụego njehie 5%, na ọrịa anaemia nke ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga sitere na Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Dessie Referral na Northeast Ethiopia (p = 26.7)%).24 Mgbe agbakwunyere 10% na ndị na-azaghachighị, nha ikpeazụ bụ 331.
Ndị ọrịa 660 na-arịa ọrịa shuga na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ụlọ ọgwụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga na GGH.Kewaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrịa shuga (660) site na nha ikpeazụ (331) iji nweta oge nlele abụọ.Site n'iji ndebanye aha nke ndị ọrịa mamịrị na-anata ọrụ nleba anya nke ọrịa shuga n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka usoro nlele, anyị tinye usoro nlere anya n'usoro iji tinye ndị ọrịa niile na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ.Nye onye na-amụ ihe ọ bụla nọmba njirimara pụrụ iche iji zere mịgharịgharị, ma ọ bụrụ na otu onye ọrịa ahụ apụtaghachiri n'oge ọmụmụ maka nsonye ọzọ.
Chịkọta data gbasara mgbanwe sociodemographic, ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya, ise siga, na njirimara nri site n'iji ajụjụ a haziri ahazi emebere site na usoro nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ nke akwụkwọ ntuziaka nyocha ihe ize ndụ ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala.25 A na-enweta tii na kọfị, iji ọkpọ mmiri eme ihe, ajụjụ ịta Carter, ọgwụ mgbochi afọ, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịhụ nsọ site n'ịtụleghachi akwụkwọ dị iche iche.Edere ajụjụ 26-30 ahụ n'asụsụ bekee wee sụgharịa ya n'asụsụ obodo (Afaan Oromoo), wee sụgharịa ya na bekee site n'aka ndị ọkachamara asụsụ dị iche iche ka ha lelee nkwekọ.Nweta data ụlọ ọgwụ dịka ogologo oge ọrịa shuga, ụdị ọrịa shuga, nsogbu nke ọrịa shuga, yana ọkwa glucose ọbara na-ebu ọnụ site na ndekọ ahụike onye ọrịa.Ndị ọkachamara nọọsụ abụọ na onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha chịkọtara data a, onye ọkachamara nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ahụike ọha na-elekọta ya.
Nyocha ọbara mgbali elu (BP) site na iji mita mgbali elu dijitalụ (Heuer) nke a na-enyocha mgbe niile.Tupu a tụọ ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ọbara mgbali elu, isiokwu ahụ aṅụbeghị ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka tii, kọfị ma ọ bụ ụtaba a na-ese, caterpillar na-ata, ma ọ bụ mee mgbatị ahụ siri ike n'ime nkeji 30 gara aga.Mgbe isiokwu ahụ zuru ike ma ọ dịkarịa ala nkeji ise wee dekọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ BP nkezi, a na-ewere nha atọ nke onwe ya n'aka ekpe.Ewere nha nke abụọ na nke atọ nkeji ise na iri ka nke mbụ na nke abụọ gachara, n'otu n'otu.Akọwapụtara ọbara mgbali elu dị ka ndị ọrịa nwere BP dị elu (SBP≥140 ma ọ bụ DBP≥90mmHg) ma ọ bụ ndị achọpụtala na mbụ dị ka ndị na-aṅụ ọgwụ antihypertensive.31,32
Iji chọpụta ọnọdụ oriri na-edozi ahụ site na nchịkọta anụ ahụ (BMI), anyị tụrụ ịdị elu na ịdị arọ nke onye ọrịa.Mgbe onye ọ bụla so na ya guzoro ọtọ na mgbidi ahụ, ikiri ụkwụ ha metụrụ mgbidi ọnụ, ha anaghị eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ, na-eme ka isi ha kwụ ọtọ, ma jiri onye na-achị achị tụọ ịdị elu ha ma dekọọ 0.1 cm kacha nso.Jiri ọnụọgụ dijitalụ akara 0-130 n'arọ iji tụọ ibu gị.Tupu nha ọ bụla, megharịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa efu.Tụlee ịdị arọ nke onye so na ya mgbe ị na-eyi uwe dị mfe na enweghị akpụkpọ ụkwụ, ma dekọọ 0.1 n'arọ kacha nso.33,34 A na-agbakọ ihe nrịbama anụ ahụ (BMI) site n'ikewa ịdị arọ (kg) site n'ịdị elu (m).Mgbe ahụ, a na-akọwa ọnọdụ nri dị ka: ma ọ bụrụ na BMI <18.5, underweight;ọ bụrụ na BMI = 18.5-24.9, obere arọ;ọ bụrụ na BMI = 25-29.9, oke ibu;Ọ bụrụ na BMI ≥30.35,36, oke ibu
N'akụkụ etiti etiti dị n'etiti nsọtụ ala nke ọgịrịga palpable na elu nke njedebe, jiri teepu na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe iji tụọ okirikiri úkwù wee dekọọ na 0.1 cm kacha nso.Akọwara oke oke ibu nke etiti dị ka oke okirikiri úkwù maka ụmụ nwoke ≥ 94 cm, yana oke okirikiri úkwù maka ụmụ nwanyị ≥ 80 cm.30,36 N'ime oge ọzụzụ ahụ, ndị okenye 10 na-arịa ọrịa shuga abanyela na njehie nha nka (%TEM) iji wedata njehie nha anthropometric na-enweghị usoro.Njehie nha teknụzụ ndị ama ama n'ime yana n'etiti ndị na-ekiri ihe na-erughị 1.5% na ihe na-erughị 2%, n'otu n'otu.
Ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha nakọtara ihe dị ka milliliters abụọ (2 ml) nke nlele ọbara site n'aka ndị niile sonyere wee tinye ha n'ime tube nnwale nwere tripotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA K3) anticoagulant maka mkpebi nke hemoglobin.Gwakọta ọbara niile anakọtara nke ọma ma jiri Sysmex XN-550 hematology analyzer maka nyocha.A na-emezi nha nke hemoglobin site na ibelata ịdị elu nke ndị niile sonyere site n'iwepụ 0.8 g/dl na ọkwa ise siga site na ibelata 0.03 g/dl.Mgbe ahụ kọwapụta anaemia dị ka ọkwa hemoglobin nwanyị <12g/dl na nwoke <13g/dl.A na-ekewa ịdị njọ nke anaemia: ọkwa hemoglobin nke nwoke na nwanyị bụ 11-12.9 g/dl na 11-11.9 g/dl, n'otu n'otu, nke bụ anaemia dị nro, ebe ọkwa hemoglobin nke anaemia na-agafeghị oke na nke siri ike dị 8-10.9. g/dl, n'otu n'otu dl na <8 mg/dl.Nwoke na nwanyị
Chịkọta milliliters ise (5 ml) nke ọbara venous n'ime tube ule na-enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi iji chọpụta creatinine na urea.A na-akpụkọta ọbara niile na-enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara maka nkeji 20-30 wee kesaa ya na 3000 rpm maka nkeji 5 iji kewaa ọbara ahụ.Mgbe ahụ, a na-eji Mindray BS-200E (China Mindray Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd.) nyocha kemịkalụ ụlọ ọgwụ iji chọpụta serum creatinine na urea site na acid picrine na usoro enzymatic.37 Jiri ọnụego mkpochapụ creatinine tụọ ọnụego nzacha glomerular.Jiri oke ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala (CKD) (GFR), akọpụtara dị ka usoro CKD-EPI Cockroft-Gault ekwuputara kwa mita 1.73.
A na-atụ ọkwa glucose ọbara na-ebu ọnụ (opekata mpe awa 8) site na ịpị mkpịsị aka site na iji mita glucose ọbara emebere maka glucose ọbara.38 Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa glucose ọbara na-ebu ọnụ bụ <80 ma ọ bụ> 130mg / dl, mgbe ahụ koodu ahụ bụ njikwa glucose ọbara na-achịkwaghị achịkwa.Na-achịkwa mgbe ọnụ ahịa glucose ọbara na-ebu ọnụ dị n'etiti 80-130mg/dl 39
Enyere ndị sonyere n'ọmụmụ ihe ahụ mkpanaka osisi dị ọcha yana iko rọba dị ọcha, kpọrọ nkụ, nke na-adịghị emerụ ahụ nke nwere nọmba isiokwu nke isiokwu dị na ya maka nyocha nje nje fecal.Gwa ha ka ha weta ihe nlele stool ọhụrụ nke gram abụọ (ihe dịka otu mkpịsị aka).Mgbe achọpụtara ikpuru (àkwá na / ma ọ bụ larvae) site na iji usoro ntinye mmiri kpọmkwem, a na-enyocha ihe nlele ahụ n'ime nkeji 30 nke nchịkọta nlele.A na-echekwa ihe nlele ndị fọdụrụ na tube nyocha nke nwere 10 ml nke 10% formalin iji meziwanye ọnụọgụ nke nje nje, na mgbe ọgwụgwọ na formalin-ether na-eji teknụzụ ntinye mmiri ozuzo, a na-eji Olympus Microscope mee nyocha.
Jiri lancet na-adịghị ọcha were nakọta ihe nlele ọbara capillary site na mkpịsị aka iji chọpụta ịba.Kwadebe ihe nkiri ọbara dị mkpa n'otu iko dị ọcha na-enweghị griiz, wee kpoo ikuku.Ejiri 10% Giemsa kpuchi ihe mmịfe ahụ maka ihe dị ka nkeji iri, a na-enyochakwa ụdị nje nje ịba.Mgbe a na-enyocha mpaghara 100 dị elu n'okpuru ebumnobi imikpu mmanụ, a na-ewere slide ahụ dị njọ.40
Ọzụzụ ụbọchị abụọ maka ngwaọrụ na usoro nchịkọta data ka enyere ndị na-anakọta data na ndị nlekọta.Tupu Chiro General Hospital anakọta data n'ezie nke ndị ọrịa shuga 30, a nwalere akwụkwọ ajụjụ a ma megharịa mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa otu a.A na-ahazi nha anụ ahụ site na njehie teknụzụ ikwu nke nha (%TEM).Na mgbakwunye, a na-agbaso usoro ọrụ ọkọlọtọ na nchịkọta nlele ụlọ nyocha niile, nchekwa, nyocha na usoro ndekọ.
Enwetala ikike nke ụkpụrụ omume site na kọmitii nyochaa ụkpụrụ omume nyocha ahụike (IHRERC) nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike mbụ na ọgwụ nke Mahadum Am Valley (IHRERC 115/2020).Kọleji ahụ enyela GGH akwụkwọ ozi nkwado wee nweta ikike n'aka onye isi ụlọ ọgwụ.Tupu ịnakọta data, nweta nkwenye ọmụma, nke afọ ofufo, ederede na mbinye aka n'aka onye ọ bụla so na ọmụmụ ihe.A gwara ndị sonyere na data niile anakọtara n'aka ha ga-edobe nzuzo site na iji koodu, na a gaghị eji njirimara onwe onye, ​​na a ga-eji naanị maka ebumnuche nyocha.Emere nyocha a dịka "Nkwuwapụta Helsinki" siri dị.
Lelee iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke data anakọtara, tinye koodu ma tinye ụdị EpiData 3.1, wee bupụ ya na ụdị STATA 16.0 maka njikwa na nyocha data.Jiri pasentị, oke, nkezi, na ndahie ọkọlọtọ iji kọwaa data.Mgbe emezichara ọkwa hemoglobin dị ka ọkwa ise siga nke ndị sonyere na ịdị elu nke mpaghara ahụ, a na-ekpebi ọkwa anaemia dịka ọkọlọtọ ọkwa ọkwa WHO ọhụrụ.Dakọtara ụdị mgbagha mgbagha abụọ na-agbanwe agbanwe iji chọpụta mgbanwe dị iche iche maka nyocha nlọghachi azụ multivariate ikpeazụ.N'ịgbasa mgbagha nke bivariate, a na-ahụta mgbanwe ndị nwere p-uru ≤ 0.25 dị ka ndị na-eme ntuli aka maka nlọghachi azụ nke multivariate logistic.Mepụta ihe nleba anya mgbagha mgbagha multivariate iji chọpụta ihe ndị na-enweghị njikọ na anaemia.Jiri oke ọgbaghara na oge ntụkwasị obi 95% tụọ ike nke mkpakọrịta.Ekwuwapụtara ọkwa ndekọ aha dị ka p-uru <0.05.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, ngụkọta nke ndị ọrịa 325 okenye DM sonyere na nzukọ ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nzaghachi bụ 98.2%.Ọtụtụ ndị sonyere;Ndị nwoke si n'ime ime obodo bụ 203 (62.5%), 247 (76%), 204 (62.8%) na 279 (85.5%) bụ ndị ikom lụrụ di na nwunye, agbụrụ ha bụ Oromo.Oge etiti afọ nke ndị sonyere bụ afọ 40, na ọnụọgụ interquartile (IQR) bụ afọ 20.Ihe dị ka 62% nke ndị sonyere enwetabeghị agụmakwụkwọ nkịtị, yana 52.6% nke ndị sonyere bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ọkachamara (Table 1).
Tebụl 1 Njirimara mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke ndị ọrịa DM toro eto na-agwọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ izugbe na ọwụwa anyanwụ Etiopia na 2020 (N = 325)
N'ime ndị sonyere ọmụmụ ihe, 74 (22.8%) kọrọ na ha aṅụla sịga ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro na ndụ ha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 13 ndị na-ese anwụrụ ugbu a (4%).Na mgbakwunye, mmadụ 12 (3.7%) bụ ndị na-aṅụ mmanya ugbu a, na 64.3% nke ndị sonyere na ọmụmụ ihe bụ tii ojii.Ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ (68.3%) nke ndị na-amụ ihe kwuru na ha na-aṅụ kọfị mgbe niile mgbe ha risịrị nri.Otu narị na iri atọ na atọ (96.3%) na 310 (95.4%) sonyere na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri ihe na-erughị ugboro ise n'izu.Banyere ọnọdụ nri ha, 92 (28.3%) na 164 (50.5%) ndị sonyere bu oke ibu na oke ibu (Table 2).
Tebụl 2 Àgwà ọma na nri nri nke ndị ọrịa DM toro eto na-agwọ ya na Eastern Ethiopia General Hospital na 2020 (N = 325)
Ihe karịrị 170 (52.3%) ndị ọrịa nwere ụdị II DM nwere nkezi DM oge nke 4.5 (SD± 4.0) afọ.Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 50% nke ndị ọrịa DM na-a theụ ọgwụ hypoglycemic ọnụ (glibenclamide na/ma ọ bụ metformin), na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị na-amụ ihe nwere glucose ọbara na-achịkwaghị achịkwa (Table 3).N'ihe gbasara ọrịa nrịanrịa, 2% nke ndị sonyere nwere nsogbu.80 (24.6%) na 173 (53.2%) ndị ọrịa nwere DM na-enweghị ọbara mgbali elu bụ anaemia na ndị na-abụghị anaemia n'otu n'otu.N'aka nke ọzọ, n'ime ndị ọrịa DM chọpụtara na ha nwere ọbara mgbali elu, 189 (5.5%) na 54 (16.6%) bụ anaemia n'otu n'otu.
Tebụl 3 Njirimara nlekọta ahụike nke ndị ọrịa DM okenye a na-agwọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ izugbe na ọwụwa anyanwụ Etiopia na 2020 (N = 325)
Ọkwa nke anaemia na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga bụ 30.2% (95% CI: 25.4-35.4%), na nkezi ọkwa hemoglobin bụ 13.2± 2.3g/dl (ụmụ nwoke: 13.4± 2.3g/dl, ụmụ nwanyị: 12.9 ± 1.7g/ dl).Banyere ịdị njọ nke anaemia na ndị ọrịa DM nwere anaemia, enwere ikpe 64 nke anaemia dị nro (65.3%), ikpe 26 nke anaemia na-agafeghị oke (26.5%), na ikpe 8 nke anaemia siri ike (8.2%).Anaemia na ụmụ nwoke (36.0%) dị elu karịa ụmụ nwanyị (20.5%) (p = 0.003) (Fig 1).Anyị hụrụ ezigbo mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke anaemia na ogologo oge nke ọrịa shuga (r = 0.1556, p = 0.0049).Nke a pụtara na ka oge DM na-abawanye, oke anaemia na-ebuli elu.
Ọnụọgụ 1 Ọkwa anaemia site na okike na ndị okenye DM ndị okenye na-elekọta n'ụlọ ọgwụ izugbe na ọwụwa anyanwụ Etiopia na 2020 (N = 325)
N'ime ndị ọrịa DM, 64% nke ụmụ nwoke na 79.5% nke ụmụ nwanyị anaghị enwe ọbara ọgbụgba, ebe 28.7% na 71.3% nke ndị na-ata khat ugbu a na-arịa ọrịa anaemia.67% nke ndị ọrịa DM toro eto bụ ndị na-eji kọfị eme ihe mgbe ha risịrị nri bụ ndị na-adịghị anaemia, na 32.9% n'ime ha chọpụtara na ha nwere anaemia.N'ihe gbasara ịdị adị nke ọrịa DM, 72.2% nke ndị ọrịa nwere DM na-enweghị nsogbu bụ anaemia, na 36.3% nke ndị ọrịa nwere DM comorbidities bụ anaemia.Ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga nwere nsogbu DM nwere oke anaemia (47.4%) karịa ndị na-enweghị nsogbu DM (24.9%) (Table 4).
Isiokwu 4 Ihe metụtara anaemia n'etiti ndị okenye DM ndị ọrịa na-elekọta ụlọ ọgwụ n'ozuzu na ọwụwa anyanwụ Etiopia na 2020 (N = 325)
Dabara ụdị regression bivariate na multivariate logistic iji nyochaa njikọ dị n'etiti anaemia na mgbanwe nkọwa.Na nyocha nke bivariate;afọ, okike, ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye, ịta nri, kọfị mgbe nri gasịrị, ọrịa comorbidities, nsogbu ọrịa shuga, DM duration na nutritional status (BMI) na-metụtara nke ọma anaemia na p value <0.25, na bụ Multivariate nwa akwukwo logistic regression.
N'ime nyocha nyocha nke multivariate logistic, ndị ikom nwere DM ≥ 5 afọ nke oge, ọnụnọ nke nsogbu na nsogbu nke DM na-ejikọta ya na anaemia.Ndị nwoke toro eto DM nwere 2.1 ugboro ka ọ ga-ata ahụhụ site na anaemia karịa ụmụ nwanyị (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.8).E jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrịa DM na-enweghị nsogbu, ndị ọrịa DM na-arịa ọrịa 1.9 nwere ike ịbụ anaemia (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.7).E jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrịa nwere oge DM nke afọ 1-5, ndị ọrịa DM nwere oge DM ≥ 5 afọ bụ 1.8 ugboro karịa ka ha nwere ike ịmalite anaemia (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 3.3).Ihe ize ndụ nke anaemia na ndị ọrịa nwere nsogbu DM bụ 2.3 ugboro karịa nke ndị ọrụ ibe (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.2) (Table 4).
Nchọcha a tụlere oke ọrịa anaemia na ihe ndị metụtara ya na ndị ọrịa DM bụ ndị e debere maka ọrịa shuga n'ụlọọgwụ Gelemso.Ọkwa nke anaemia na ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a bụ 30.2%.Dị ka WHO nhazi ọkwa nke mkpa ahụike ọha na eze, na gburugburu ebe nyocha, anaemia bụ nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na-agafeghị oke n'etiti ndị okenye nwere DM.Gender, ogologo oge nke DM, ọnụnọ nke mgbagwoju anya DM, na ndị ikom nwere DM comorbidities bụ ihe ndị metụtara anaemia.
Ọkwa nke anaemia na ọmụmụ a yiri nke Etiopia Dessie Referral Hospital [24], ma dị elu karịa nke Etiopia Fenote Selam Hospital [41] na nyocha mpaghara emere na China, 42 Australia, 43 na India [44] ]., Nke dị ala karịa ọmụmụ ndị e mere na Thailand [45], Saudi Arabia [46] na Cameroon [47].Ọdịiche a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi afọ dị iche nke ndị na-amụ ihe.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'adịghị ka ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a nke na-agụnyeghị ndị okenye karịa afọ 18, ọmụmụ na Thailand gụnyere ndị okenye karịa 60 afọ, ebe ọmụmụ na Cameroon gụnyere ndị okenye karịa afọ 50.Ọdịiche ahụ nwekwara ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata ọrụ akụrụ, mbufụt, mbelata ụmị ọkpụkpụ, na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ (na-abawanye na afọ)17.
Ọ tụrụ anyị n'anya na n'ọmụmụ ihe anyị, anaemia nwoke na-adịkarị karịa nwanyị.Nchọpụta a megidere akụkọ nyocha ndị ọzọ [42,48], nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị ọrịa anaemia karịa ndị nwoke nwere ọrịa shuga.Ihe nwere ike ịkpata ọdịiche a nwere ike ịbụ na ndị ikom nọ n'ọmụmụ ihe anyị nwere àgwà ịta khat dị elu, nke nwere ike ime ka agụụ rie ya49, na khat nwere tannins-ihe na-ebelata bioavailability nke ígwè na-abụghị heme na nri.50 Ihe ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke kọfị na tii n'ime ụmụ nwoke n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a gbochiri nnabata ígwè si na eriri afọ.51-54
Anyị chọpụtara na ndị ọrịa nwere DM ≥ 5 afọ nwere ike ịmalite anaemia karịa ndị ọrịa nwere DM nwere usoro nke 1-5 afọ.Nke a kwekọrọ na ọmụmụ ndị e mere na Fenote Selam Hospital na Etiopia, 41 Iraq 55 na United Kingdom.17 Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ikpughe ogologo oge na hyperglycemia, na-eduga na mmụba nke cytokines mkpasu iwe nwere mmetụta anti-erythropoietin, na-ebute mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ.Mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ekesa na-eduga na mbelata hemoglobin na-ekesa.35
N'ikwekọ na ọmụmụ ihe e mere na China, anaemia 13 na ọmụmụ ihe a na-emekarị na ndị ọrịa DM nwere nsogbu.N'ihe gbasara usoro ihe ọmụmụ, nsogbu ọrịa shuga nwere ike imebi sistemu sel na arịa ọbara nke akụrụ, mbufụt nke sistemu, yana nnabata nke erythropoietin inhibitors nwere ike bute ọrịa anaemia.56 Hypoxia nwere ike imetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, metabolism, capillary permeability na ndụ cell 57. Mbelata ọbara ọbara uhie na ihe ndị na-akpata antioxidant ya na anaemia nwekwara ike ịkpata nsogbu ndị ọzọ na ndị ọrịa mamịrị58.
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ndị ọrịa DM nwere ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa na-enwekarị ọrịa anaemia karịa ndị ọrịa DM na-enweghị nsogbu.Nke a dị ka ihe ọmụmụ ndị yiri nke gara aga [35,59], nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta nke comorbidities (dị ka ọbara mgbali elu) na-eduga ná mgbagwoju anya nke obi, si otú ahụ na-amụba ohere nke anaemia.60
Dị ka otu n'ime ihe ọmụmụ ụlọ nyocha ole na ole a na-eme na Etiopia, ọrịa ndị na-adịghị ala ala dịka DM aghọwo ihe na-emekarị, nke bụ ike nke nchọpụta a.N'aka nke ọzọ, ọmụmụ ihe a bụ otu ọmụmụ dabere na ụlọ ọgwụ na ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị anọchi anya ndị ọrịa niile nwere DM ma ọ bụ ndị ọrịa na-esochi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ndị ọzọ.Ụdị akụkụ nke usoro ọmụmụ ihe anyị ji mee ihe anaghị ekwe ka ịmepụta mmekọrịta nwa oge n'etiti anaemia na ihe.Ọmụmụ ihe n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịdị mkpa iji njikwa ikpe, ọmụmụ ihe otu ma ọ bụ atụmatụ nyocha ndị ọzọ iji tụlee ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà nke anaemia, RBC morphology, iron serum iron, vitamin B12, na folic acid ọkwa.
Na gburugburu ebe nyocha, anaemia bụ nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na-agafeghị oke n'etiti ndị ọrịa DM toro eto.Gender, ogologo oge nke DM, ọnụnọ nke mgbagwoju anya DM, na comorbidities bụ nwoke ma chọpụta ya dị ka ihe ndị metụtara anaemia.Ya mere, nyocha nke anaemia oge niile na nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị maka ndị ọrịa DM nwere ogologo oge DM, ọrịa na-adịghị mma na mgbagwoju anya kwesịrị ịhazi iji meziwanye ndụ ndị ọrịa.Nchọpụta mbụ na nlekota DM oge niile nwekwara ike inye aka belata nsogbu.
Enwere ike nweta data na-akwado nsonaazụ a kọrọ na ihe odide ahụ site n'aka onye edemede kwekọrọ dịka ihe ezi uche dị na ya si dị.
Ọ ga-amasị anyị ikele onye isi ụlọ ọgwụ Gelemso General Hospital, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọgwụ ọrịa shuga, ndị sonyere ọmụmụ ihe, ndị na-anakọta data na ndị enyemaka nyocha.
Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ niile enyela onyinye dị ukwuu n'ọrụ nke akụkọ ahụ, ma n'ihe gbasara echiche, nhazi nyocha, mmezu, inweta data, nyocha na nkọwa, ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndị a niile;sonye aka na nhazi, ntughari ma ọ bụ nyocha siri ike nke nkebiokwu a;n'ikpeazụ kwadoro ụdị nke a ga-ebipụta;ruru nkwekọrịta na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke e debere isiokwu ahụ;ma kwenye na ọ ga-ahụ maka akụkụ niile nke ọrụ ahụ.
1. ONYE.A na-eji mkpokọta hemoglobin eme ihe maka nyocha na nyocha oke nke anaemia.Sistemụ nri nri vitamin na mineral.Geneva, Switzerland.2011. NMH / NHD / MNM / 11.1.Dị na webụsaịtị a: http://www.who.int/entity/vmnis/indicators/haemoglobin.A gara na Jenụwarị 22, 2021.
2. Viteri F. Echiche ọhụrụ nke njikwa ụkọ ígwè: ịṅụ ihe mgbakwunye ígwè kwa izu, mgbakwunye mgbochi obodo maka ndị otu dị egwu.Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi biomedical.1998;11 (1): 46-60.
3. Mehdi U, Toto RD.Anaemia, ọrịa shuga na ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala.Nlekọta ọrịa shuga.2009;32 (7): 1320-1326 .doi: 10.2337/dc08-0779
5. Johnson LJ, Gregory LC, Christenson RH, Harmening DM.Usoro Appleton na Lange na-akọwapụta nyocha kemịkalụ ụlọ ọgwụ.New York: McGraw-Hill;2001.
6. Gulati M, AgrawalN.Ihe omumu banyere oke anaemia n'ime ndi mmadu nwere oria shuga nke 2.Sch J App Med Science.2016;4 (5F): 1826-1829 .
7. Cawood TJ, Buckley U, Murray A, wdg Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anaemia na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga.Ir J Med Science.2006;175(2):25 .doi: 10.1007 / BF03167944
8. Kuo IC, Lin-HY-H, Nu SW, wdg. Glycated haemoglobin na prognosis nke ndị ọrịa nwere nnukwu ọrịa shuga na-adịghị ala ala akụrụ ọrịa.Onye nnọchi anya sayensị.2016;6:20028.doi: 10.1038 / srep20028
9. Loutradis C, Skodra A, Georgianos P, wdg. Ọrịa shuga na-abawanye ụba nke anaemia na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala: ọmụmụ ihe na-achịkwa ikpe akwu.Ụwa J Nephrol.2016;5 (4):358 .doi: 10.5527 / wjn.v5.i4.358
10. Rajagopal L, Ganesan V, Abdullah S, Arunachalam S, Kathamuthu K, RamrajB.Iji nyochaa njikọ dị n'etiti electrolytes, anaemia, na glycosylated haemoglobin (Hba1c) na ndị ọrịa nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga 2.Nnyocha ụlọ ọgwụ Asia J.2018;11 (1): 251–256.doi: 10.22159 / ajpcr.2018.v11i1.22533
11. Angelousi A, Major E. Anaemia, ihe ize ndụ a na-ahụkarị ma na-ahụkarị na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga: nyochaa.Ọrịa shuga Metabolism 2015;41 (1): 18-27.doi: 10.1016 / j.diabet.2014.06.001
12. Etiopia CSA, ICF International Organisation.Isi ihe nchoputa nke 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey.Etiopia Central Bureau of Statistics na ICF International.Addis Ababa, Etiopia na Rockville, Maryland, USA;2017.
13. He BB, Xu M, Wei L, wdg Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti anaemia na nsogbu na-adịghị ala ala na ndị ọrịa China nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga 2.The Great Arch of Iranian Medicine.2015;18 (5): 277-283 .
14. Wright J, Oddy M, RichardsT.Ịdị adị na njirimara nke anaemia na ọnya ụkwụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga.anaemia.2014;2014: 1–8.doi: 10.1155/2014/104214
15. Thambiah SC, Samsudin IN, George E, wdg. Anaemia nke ụdị 2 ọrịa shuga (T2DM) na Putrajaya Hospital.J Med Health Science, Malaysia.2015;11 (1): 49-61.
16. Roman RM, Lobo PI, Taylor RP, wdg A atụmanya ọmụmụ nke dịghịzi mmetụta nke normalize haemoglobin itinye uche na hemodialysis ọrịa na-enweta recombinant mmadụ erythropoietin.J Am Soc Nephrol.2004;15 (5): 1339-1346.doi: 10.1097 / 01.ASN.0000125618.27422.C7
17. Trevest K, Treadway H, Hawkins-van DCG, Bailey C, Abdelhafiz AH.Ọgbasa na ndị na-achọpụta ọrịa anaemia na ndị agadi na-arịa ọrịa shuga na-aga ụlọ ọgwụ outpatient: nyocha nke akụkụ.Ọrịa shuga mellitus.2014;32 (4):158 .doi: 10.2337 / diaclin.32.4.158
18. Thomas MC, Cooper ME, Rossing K, Parving HH.Anaemia ọrịa shuga: ọgwụgwọ a ọ̀ ziri ezi?ọrịa shuga mellitus.2006;49 (6):1151 .doi: 10.1007 / s00125-006-0215-6
19. New JP, Aung T, Baker PG, wdg Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anaemia a na-amaghị ama na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga na ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala dị elu: nchọpụta nke ndị mmadụ.Ọgwụ ọrịa shuga.2008;25 (5): 564-569 .doi: 10.1111 / j.1464-5491.2008.02424.x
20. Bosman DR, Winkler AS, Marsden JT, Macdougall IC, Watkins PJ.Anaemia na erughi erythropoietin nwere ike ime na mmalite nke ọrịa shuga nephropathy.Nlekọta ọrịa shuga.2001;24 (3): 495-499 .doi: 10.2337 / diacare.24.3.495
21. McGill JB, Mgbịrịgba DS.Ọrụ nke anaemia na erythropoietin na ọrịa shuga.Nsogbu ọrịa shuga mellitus.2006;20 (4): 262-272 .doi: 10.1016 / j.jdiacomp.2005.08.001
22. Baisakhiya S, Garg P, Singh S. Anaemia na ụdị 2 ọrịa mamịrị ọrịa mamịrị retinopathy.Ahụike Ọha Ahụike Mba Nile.2017;6 (2): 303-306.doi: 10.5455/ijmsph.2017.03082016604
23. Wikipedia.Gelemso dị na mpaghara Oromia na June 11, 2020. 2020 [ụbọchị ntụaka bụ Ọktoba 20, 2020].Dị na URL ndị a: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelemso.A gara na Jenụwarị 22, 2021.
24. Fiseha T, Adamo A, Tesfaye M, Gebreweld A, Hirst JA.Ọnụnọ nke anaemia n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị okenye na-arịa ọrịa shuga na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Etiopia.PLoS otu.2019;14 (9): e0222111.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222111
25. ONYE.Ụzọ otu òtù WHO si ewere nzọụkwụ site n'iji ihe nleba anya n'ihe ize ndụ ọrịa na-adịghị efe efe na Geneva, Switzerland: WHO;2017.
26. Aynalem SB, Zeleke AJ.Ọnụnọ nke ọrịa shuga na ihe ize ndụ ya na ndị dị afọ 15 na karịa na Mizan-Aman Township, Southwest Ethiopia, 2016: ọmụmụ ihe na-agafe.Int J endocrine.2018;2018: 2018. doi: 10.1155 / 2018/9317987
27. Seifu W. Gilgil Gibe Field Research Center, Southwwest Ethiopia, 2013. Ihe gbasara ọrịa shuga na ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa shuga na nsogbu glucose ọbara na-ebu ọnụ na ndị okenye dị afọ 15-64: usoro nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ.MOJ Ahụike Ọha.2015;2 (5): 00035. doi: 10.15406 / mojph.2015.02.00035
28. Roba HS, Beyene AS, Mengesha MM, Ayele BH.Ọganihu ọbara mgbali elu na ihe ndị metụtara ya na Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia: ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mpaghara.Int J ọbara mgbali elu.2019;2019: 1-9.doi: 10.1155/2019/9878437
29. Tesfaye T, Shikur B, Shimels T, Firdu N. N'ime ndị otu Federal Police Commission bi na Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, mgbasawanye na ihe ndị metụtara ọrịa shuga na mbelata ọkwa glucose ọbara na-ebu ọnụ.BMC Endocr gbagwojuru anya.2016;16 (1): 68. doi: 10.1186 / s12902-016-0150-6
30. Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A, LiY.Ọganihu nke ọbara mgbali elu na ihe ndị metụtara ya: ọmụmụ ihe gbasara profaịlụ obodo na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Etiopia.PLoS otu.2015;10 (4): e0125210.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125210
31. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynold K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, HeJ.Ibu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọbara mgbali elu: nyocha data zuru ụwa ọnụ.The Lancet 2005;365(9455):217-223.doi: 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (05) 17741-1
32. Singh S, Shankar R, Singh GP.Ọgbasa ọbara mgbali elu na ihe ndị metụtara ya: ọmụmụ ihe n'etiti ngalaba na obodo Varanasi.Int J ọbara mgbali elu.2017;2017: 2017. doi: 10.1155 / 2017/5491838
33. De Onis M, Habicht JP.Data ntụaka Anthropometric maka ojiji mba ụwa: ntụnye nke kọmitii ọkachamara nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa.Nke a bụ J Clinical Food.1996;64 (4):650-658 .doi: 10.1093 / ajcn / 64.4.650
34. ONYE.Ọnọdụ anụ ahụ: ojiji na nkọwa nke anthropometry.Usoro akụkọ teknụzụ WHO.1995;854(9).
35. Barbieri J, Fontela PC, Winkelmann ER, wdg. Anaemia na ụdị 2 ọrịa shuga.anaemia.2015;2015: 2015. doi: 10.1155/2015/354737
36. Owolabi EO, Ter GD, Adeni OV.Oke oke ibu nke ọkara na oke ibu na-ajụkarị oke n'etiti ndị okenye na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike mepere emepe nke Buffalo, South Africa: ọmụmụ ihe gafere.J nri onu ogugu enwere ike.2017;36 (1): 54. doi: 10.1186 / s41043-017-0133-x
37. Adera H, Hailu W, Adane A, Tadesse A. Mmetụta nke anaemia na ihe ndị metụtara ya na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala na Ụlọ Ọgwụ University nke Gondar dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Etiopia: ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ụlọ ọgwụ na-adabere na ụlọ ọgwụ.Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis.2019;12: 219. doi: 10.2147 / IJNRD.S216010
38. Chiwanga FS, Njelekela, Massachusetts, Diamond MB, wdg Ọnụnọ nke ọrịa shuga na ọrịa shuga na ihe ize ndụ metụtara ọrịa shuga n'obodo ukwu na ime obodo na Tanzania na Uganda.Omume ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ.2016;9 (1): 31440. doi: 10.3402/gha.v9.31440
39. Kassahun T, Eshetie T, Gesesew H. Ihe ndị metụtara njikwa glucose ọbara n'ime ndị okenye nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga 2: nyocha nke ngalaba na Etiopia.Ihe ndetu BMC Res.2016;9 (1): 78. doi: 10.1186 / s13104-016-1896-7
40. Fana SA, Bunza MDA, Anka SA, Imam AU, Nataala SU.Ọgbasa na ihe ize ndụ metụtara ọrịa ịba n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime n'ime obodo mepere emepe na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Nigeria.Na-ebute ịda ogbenye.2015;4 (1): 1-5.doi: 10.1186 / s40249-015-0054-0
41. Abate A, Birhan W, Alemu A. Association nke anaemia na nyocha ọrụ gbasara akụrụ na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga na-aga Fenote Selam Hospital na Sigoyam, Northwest Ethiopia: ọmụmụ ihe na-agafe agafe.BMC hematol.2013;13 (1): 6. doi: 10.1186 / 2052-1839-13-6
42. Chen CX, Li YC, Chan SL, Chan KH.Anaemia na ụdị ọrịa shuga 2: Ọmụmụ ihe nlegharị anya nke mmetụta usoro nlekọta mbụ.Hong Kong Med J. 2013;19 (3): 214–221 .doi: 10.12809 / hkmj133814
43. Wee YH, Anpalahan M. Ọrụ ịka nká na anaemia nkịtị nke ụdị ọrịa shuga 2.Curr Science nke ịka nká.2019;12 (2): 76-83.doi: 10.2174 / 1874609812666190627154316
44. Panda AK, Ambad County.Ọnụnọ nke anaemia na ndị ọrịa nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga 2 yana njikọ ya na HBA1c: ọmụmụ mmalite.Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol.2018;8 (10): 1409-1413.doi: 10.5455 / njppp.2018.8.0621511072018
45. Sudchada P, Kunmaturos P, Deoisares R. Ọnụnọ nke anaemia na ụdị ọrịa shuga 2 na Thailand, ma ọ dịghị ihe metụtara ọrịa obi ma ọ bụ ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala.Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike Singapore, 2013;28 (2): 190-198.
46. ​​Al-Salman M. Anaemia na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga: mmụba na ọganihu ọrịa.Gen Med.2015;1-4.
47. Feteh VF, Choukem SP, Kengne AP, Nebongo DN, Ngowe-Ngowe M. Anemia na ndị ọrịa nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga 2 na njikọ ya na ọrụ gbasara akụrụ na ụlọ ọgwụ ndị dị na Sub-Saharan Africa: ọmụmụ ihe omimi.BMC adrenaline.2016;17 (1): 29. doi: 10.1186 / s12882-016-0247-1
48. Idris I, Tohid H, Muhammad NA, wdg. Anaemia na ndị ọrịa na-ahụ maka nlekọta mbụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga 2 (T2DM) na ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala (CKD): ọmụmụ ihe na-agafe agafe multicenter.BMJ mepere emepe.2018;8 (12): 12. doi: 10.1136 / bmjopen-2018-025125
49. Wabe NT, Mohamed, Massachusetts.Kedu ihe obodo ndị sayensị chere maka catha edulis forsk?Nchịkọta nke kemistri, toxicology na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.J Exp Integr Med.2012;2 (1): 29. doi: 10.5455 / jeim.221211.rw.005
50. Al-Motarreb A, Al-Habori M, Broadley KJ.Khaki na-ata ahụhụ, ọrịa obi na ọrịa obi na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ dị n'ime: ọnọdụ ugbu a na ntụziaka nyocha n'ọdịnihu.J Journal of National Pharmacology.2010; 132 (3): 540-548 .doi: 10.1016 / j.jep.2010.07.001
51. Disler P, Lynch SR, Charlton RW, wdg Mmetụta tii na absorption ígwè.eriri afọ.1975;16 (3): 193-200.doi: 10.1136 / gut.16.3.193
52. Onye ofufe FS.Iri oke tii nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere ike ịkpata ụkọ iron erughi anaemia.Onye nnọchi anya ụlọ ọgwụ.2016;4 (11): 1053. doi: 10.1002 / ccr3.707
53. Kumera G, Haile K, Abebe N, Marie T, Eshete T, Ciccozzi M. Anaemia na njikọ ya na oriri kọfị na ọrịa hookworm n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-enyocha nyocha tupu nwa na Debre Markos Referral Hospital na Northwestern Ethiopia.PLoS otu.2018;13 (11): e0206880.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206880
54. Nelson M, Poulter J. Mmetụta ịṅụ tii na ọnọdụ ígwè na UK: nyocha.J Hum nri nri.2004;17 (1):43-54 .doi: 10.1046 / j.1365-277X.2003.00497.x
55. Abdul Kadir AH.Ọnụnọ nke ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala na ụkọ ígwè anaemia n'etiti ndị okenye nwere ọrịa shuga na obodo Erbil.Zanco J Med Sci.2014;18 (1): 674-679.doi: 10.15218 / zjms.2014.0013
56. Thomas MC, MacIsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, wdg. Anaemia na ndị ọrịa nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga 1.J Clinical endocrine metabolism.2004;89 (9):4359-4363 .doi: 10.1210 / jc.2004-0678
57. Deicher R, HörlWH.Anaemia bụ ihe dị ize ndụ maka mmepe nke ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala.Curr Opin Nephrol ọbara mgbali elu.2003;12 (2): 139-143.doi: 10.1097 / 00041552-200303000-00003
58. Klemm A, Voigt C, Friedrich M, wdg. Electron paramagnetic resonance jikoro ọbara ọbara ọbara ọbara antioxidant ikike nke hemodialysis ọrịa.Ntugharị ọkpụkpọ oku nephrol.2001;16 (11): 2166–2171 .doi: 10.1093 / ndt / 16.11.2166
59. Ximenes RMO, Barretto ACP, Silva E. Anaemia na ndị ọrịa nwere nkụchi obi: ihe ize ndụ mmepe.Rev Bras Cardiol.2014;27 (3): 189–194.
60. Francisco PMSB, Belon AP, Barros MBDA, wdg. Ọrịa shuga na-akpata onwe ya na ndị agadi: ụbara, ihe ndị metụtara ya na usoro nchịkwa.Cad Saude Publica.2010;26 (1): 175-184.doi: 10.1590 / S0102-311X2010000100018
Ebipụtara ọrụ a ma nye ya ikike site na Dove Medical Publishing Co., Ltd. Enwere ike nweta nkọwa zuru oke nke ikike a na https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php, jikọtara ya na Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial ( enweghị akwụkwọ, v3.0) ikike.Ịnweta ọrụ pụtara na ịnakwere usoro ndị a.Ọ bụrụ na ahaziri ọrụ ahụ nke ọma, enweghị ike iji ya mee ihe na-abụghị nke azụmahịa na-enweghị ikike ọzọ n'aka Dove Medical Press Limited.Maka ikike iji ọrụ ahụ maka ebumnuche azụmahịa, biko rụtụ aka na paragraf 4.2 na 5 nke usoro anyị.
Kpọtụrụ anyị • Amụma nzuzo • Ndị otu na ndị mmekọ • Aro • Usoro na ọnọdụ • Kwado webụsaịtị a •Laghachi n'elu.
©Copyright 2021•Dove Press Ltd•maffey.com maka mmepe ngwanrọ •Adhesion maka imewe webụ
Echiche ndị ekwuru na akụkọ niile e bipụtara ebe a bụ nke ndị odee akọwapụtara, ọ bụghịkwa na-egosipụta echiche nke Dove Medical Press Ltd ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ya ọ bụla.
Dove Medical Press bụ nke Taylor & Francis Group, nke bụ ngalaba mbipụta akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nke Informa PLC, nwebisiinka 2017 Informa PLC.ikike niile echekwabara.Ọ bụ Informa PLC nwere ma na-arụkwa saịtị ahụ (nke a na-akpọ ya “Informa”), ụlọ ọrụ edebanyere aha ya bụ 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG.Edere aha na England na Wales.Nọmba 3099067. UK VAT otu: GB 365 4626 36
Iji nye ndị ọbịa webụsaịtị anyị na ndị ọrụ debanyere aha anyị ọrụ ahaziri ahazi, anyị na-eji kuki iji nyochaa okporo ụzọ ndị ọbịa na hazie ọdịnaya.Ị nwere ike ịgụ amụma nzuzo anyị iji ghọta ojiji anyị ji kuki.Anyị na-ejigide data gbasara ndị ọbịa na ndị ọrụ edebanyere aha maka ojiji nke ime yana ịkekọrịta ozi n'etiti ndị mmekọ azụmahịa.Ị nwere ike ịgụ amụma nzuzo anyị iji ghọta ihe data anyị na-edobere, otu anyị si eji ya, ndị anyị na-ekerịta yana ikike gị ihichapụ data.